Statistical Analysis Results of Crime: ANOVA Test

Statistical Analysis Results of Crime: ANOVA Test THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA), STUDENTS ‘T’ TESTS AND MATRIX ALGEBRA ATUBI, A. 0. Ph.D. Introduction The ANOVA sometimes referred to as the F test (named after the statistician Sir Roland Fisher, the author of this test) is a set of procedures for testing the significance of differences among more than two independent means. This procedure determines the extent to which there are significant differences between the means of three or more samples with a single level of significance. Because this procedure and others like it focus on variances, they are referred to as the analysis of variance or ANOVA One Way Analysis of Variance The step in ANOVA can be illustrated by an example Example 5.1.1 The number of crimes committed in 4 months in various parts of a town are list below: Month Artisan quarters Slums CDB GRA January February March April 20 16 32 16 52 44 56 36 36 40 36 40 16 20 32 20 At 0.05 level of confidence, are crime frequencies related to urban morphology or month of the year? First set up a null hypothesis of equality of the means Let Ho be: â€Å"There is no significant difference between the crimes frequencies and urban morphology or month of the year. Next, find the total of the four areas as listed below then their means Total =Artesan SlumsCBDGRA 8418815288 Mean Next, calculate the Grand mean Next, calculate the sum of squares for each population. Note that in ANOVA the number of samples do not have to be same Table 4.1.1: Means and sums of squares of crimes committed In ANOVA, we determine differences between means by calculating their variability. Three types of variability are estimated: The variation within each sample result The variation between the sample results The total variation of the samples, regardless of the sample grouping to which they belong (Anyadike, 2009) Next, calculate the sums of the sum of squares for each column (i.e Variable): SSW = ∑∑(Xij X)2 = 172+236+16+144 =568 Calculate sum of square between = ? N (X —X)2 =4(21-3 2)2+4(473 2)2+4 (3832)2 + 4(2232)2 = 484 +900+144+400 =1928 Calculate the within group sum of square. MSW = SSW n-rn Where n=no of observations M=no of groups Similarly, the mean s square between will be MSb =SSb M-l Therefore MSW =SSb=568=568 n-m 16-4 12 = 47.33 The ratio between the variance estimate is known as the Snedecor’s variance ratio test or Snedecor’s F Now set up an ANOVA table: Finally, test for significance: The degrees of freedom, V are: V- numerator = M-1=4-1=3 V- denominator = n-m= 16—4=12 From the Table of the F-Distribution, critical value of F at 0.05 3 and 12 =3.49 Calculated value is 13.18 Since the calculated F of 13.58 is greater (>) 3.49, Ho is rejected. Therefore, â€Å"There is a significant difference between crime frequencies with regards to urban morphology or month of the year. THE STUDENT ‘T TEST The most powerful test for the comparison of sample means is the student ‘t’ test. It is a parametric test and is used to determine whether or not the differences between two sample means are sufficiently great as to justify a conclusion that the means of their populations also differ significantly. It is also used for small samples The student ‘t’ is expressed as: T = x1-x ­1 vS12/N1 + S22/N2 Where X1 and X2 are the means of the two sets of data; S1 and S2 their standard deviations; and N1 and N2 the number of observations. The degree of freedom, V is expressed as follows: V = N+N,-2 Degree of Freedom There is often confusion among students about the concept of â€Å"degree of freedom†. Basically, if the sum of a set of elements and the sum of all but one is of its elements are both known, then the value of the last element must also be known, i.e. it is not, unlike the others, free to vary (Ayandike, 2009). For example, if the sum of 8 elements is 30 and the values of 7 of the elements variously add up to 28, then the value ofthe final (i.e. the 8†) element must be (30-28) = 2, i.e. if is not free to adopt any other value. The degree of freedom in this case is thus (8-1) = 7, i.e. in the set of 8 element, 7 of them are free to take on any values to sum up to 28, leaving value inviolate ELEMENTS OF MATRIX ALGEBRA Introduction The matrix is a rectangular array of number arranged in rows n and columns, m i.e Each of the numbers is called an elements. The position of each element is determined by its position in the row as well as in the The size of the matrix is given by the number of rows (n) and number of column (m) for example. A matrix which has the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. In the example above, a and c are square matrices. A matrix with a single row is called a row vector, while a matrix of a single column is called a column vector. Example of a row vector is {3 5 7 8} example of column vector is Matrix can be added, subtracted, multiplied and inverted but cannot be divided. However, they can only be divided by a scalar (i.e an ordinary number). Addition of Matrix Matrices to be added must be of the same size as one another. That is they must have the same number of columns and row s. This is because each element of one matrix must be added to the same element of the other matrix e.g. supposing we are adding two matrix [A]  ± [B] [A] + [BI =[C] i.e you add element by element N.B:The number of columns and rows must be the same before it can be added Matrix Subtraction The same rule as addition is applied e.g to subtract [BI from [A] [A] [B] Matrix Multiplication There are two aspect of matrix multiplication namely: a.Multiplication of matrix by a scaler b.Multiplication of matrix by two matrices By Scaler Supposing we are multiplying the matrix below by 4 Multiplication by Two Matrices When two matrices are to be multiplied, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal the number of rows in the second matrix e.g. 23 matrix can be multiplied by 32 matrix. But a 23 matrix cannot be multiplied by another 23 matrix because the number of rows there is not equal to the number of columns in the second e.g. The result will have as many rows as the first and as may columns as the second. Multiplication of a matrix by vector, example An identity or unity matrix 1, is a matrix where the diagonal consist of l’s and the rest of the elements are zero e.g.: Matrix Inversion In matrix, algebra function of division is changed to that of inversion. The inverse of the matrix is it’s reciprocal i.e. Only square matrices have inverses. A matrix that cannot be inverted is called a singular matrix. Several methods exists for finding the inverse of a matrix. They includes 1.  The classical method This is to set the matrix beside an identity matrix, and to perform all operations simultaneously in both matrices, for example, if you are to invert this matrix [A], you first place it beside an identity matrix You have Step 1 Subtract row 2 from 3, multiply row 1 Row 2(3xrow 1) Step 3 2.  By Determinants This is the more modern one. A determinant is a single number extracted from a square matrix by series of operations. It is represented by either det A or /A/ The process of obtaining a determinant from a matrix is called evaluating the determinant. Using determinant, the inverse of matrix [A] becomes /A/ = ad—bc The adjoint of a matrix is the transposed matrix of co -factors with the signs taken into consideration. The signs are alternating +, -, across and down the element of the matrix e.g. in a 22 matrix So far a 22 matrix, the inverse is the adjoint of that matrix over the determinant of the matrix. The determinant of a 33 matrix The minus for each leading element becomes Uptill i. The Solution of Simultaneous Equation The major interest in matrices (and its greatest strength) is their use in the resolution of the unknowns in simultaneous equations (Anya dike, 2009) SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH TWO UNKNOWNS 3x+4y 10 2x +‘7y = 11 Set in matrix form 1.Using the classical method, our equation in matrix form is [A] [x] [B] The matrix of the unknown [x]=[A]=[B] For a 2 x 2 matrix the adjoint of it is Since our matrix of unknown is Check with original equation 3x+4y =10 2x +7y1l Check 3(2)+4(1)= 10 =6+4+10 2(2) +7 (1) =1 4+7=11 1. By determinant method The matrix in our example is [A] [x] [B] This 13 is called the common denominator. Then we find the numerator of x, which is the determinant of the main matrix. :. X2/A1.B/-à ·/A!13113 =1 =y Therefore,Y = 1 X=2 REFERENCES Anyadike, R.N.C (2009) Statistical methods for social and Environmental Sciences. Spectrum Books Limited Ibadan. Anyadike, R.N.C (2009): Statistical methods for social and Environmental sciences. Spectrum Books limited Ibadan. Atubi, A.O. (2010d) Road Traffic Accident variations in Lagos State, Nigeria: A Synopsis of variance Spectra. African research Review, Vol 4(2) pp. 197-218. Ethiopia. Ewhmdjakpor C, Atubi, A.O. and Odemerho F. (2006): Statistics for social investigations. Delsu Investment Nigeria, Limited, Delta State University, Abraka. Ewhrudjakpor. C, Atubi, A.O, and Odermerho F (2006). Statistics for social Investigations. Delsu Investment Nigeria, Limited. Delta State University, Abraka. Spiegel, M.R (1972): Theory and problems of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Aristotle introduced the three classical modes

This paper focuses on several key concepts presented in Aristotle’s works. The rationale behind such a choice is associated with the fact that Aristotle’s works are widely believed to be among the most important texts from the history of rhetoric (Herrick, 2004).Another reason for an in-depth focus on Aristotelian rhetoric is that many theories he developed are still widely used for effectively advancing arguments in the public discourse.Aristotle introduced the three classical modes of persuasion — Ethos (appeal to authority), Pathos (appeal to emotion), and Logos (appeal to logic). As concerns Ethos, audience tends to believe speakers that elicit respect and demonstrate their credibility. Personal qualities that render speakers such credibility encompass a sense of wisdom (phronesis), goodwill (eunoia), and strong moral character (arete).Pathos, for its part, implies that a speaker possesses the ability to arouse strong feeling and emotional reactions in his or her listeners. While Aristotle acknowledges the importance of the aforementioned modes of persuasion, he strongly deems that Logos is the most important and effective.Logical reasoning is occurring in two main forms: induction and deduction. Inductive reasoning entails arriving at a certain conclusion on the basis of specific examples. Deduction implies ascribing certain qualities to objects or phenomena on the basis of a general rule.Aristotle also investigates the concepts of syllogism and enthymeme. A syllogism, which is essentially a form of deductive reasoning, is defines as ‘a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so’ (Aristotle, 1989, p.2).A syllogism consists of three elements, namely the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion. Each premise has to have one term that conclusion also contains; it is referred to as the middle term.The major t erm (a part of the major premise) is referred to as the predicate of the conclusion, and the minor term (a part of the minor premise) is referred to as the subject of the conclusion. An example of a syllogism presented by Aristotle is as follows: since all humans are mortal (major premise), and Socrates is human (minor premise), it is possible to infer that Socrates is mortal (conclusion).

Women in the Handmaids Tale Objectification and Value in...

Margaret Atwoods novel The Handmaids Tale is a work of speculative fiction. The Republic of Gilead is a dystopic society, especially for the women. Women in the novel are stripped of their freedom, while men are entitled to a portion of their freedom. This novel is one that illustrates inequality towards women. A focus for the Republic of Gilead is to increase the declining birth rate. Within the phallocentric society of the Republic of Gilead, re-population results in women being objectified and valued for their reproductive qualities. The division of women in the Republic of Gilead is based on their reproductive qualities and status. Anatomy is destiny in the society of the Republic of Gilead. Wives are classified as elite†¦show more content†¦Womens uniforms in the Republic of Gilead represent their functions within society. The varying colors of uniforms denote the status of the women wearing them. Uniforms can not ultimately be changed: some people call them habits, a good word for them. Habits are hard to break (p. 31). Uniforms consist of a dress and a veil. The function of the veil is to conceal and hide women as well as to prevent women from seeing. Wives wear powder blue uniforms, which are representative of the Virgin Mary and melancholy. Daughters of Wives wear white, which is symbolic of virginit y. Aunts wear an army khaki color, which is representative of their partial military role. Marthas wear dull green, which is representative of the service industry: dull green, like a surgeons gown of the time before (p. 30). Widows are typically seen in black, the color of mourning. Handmaids wear red which is representative of blood, menses, and birth: red: the color of blood, which defines us (p. 9). Unwomen wear gray, which is the color of ashes. Women that work at Jezebels as prostitutes are not restricted to uniforms like the rest of the women in the Republic of Gilead. They wear outdated costumes from the time before that are highly eroticized. For women in the Republic of Gilead, there is no freedom of choice in attire. Women in the Republic of Gilead are objectified, viewed as property, controlled and lack freedom. The mobility of womenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale1825 Words   |  8 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, we meet Offred, or so they call her, a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, a futuristic dystopian society. Gilead tarnished traditional values and replaced them with shear corruption after the rebels killed the President as well as most of Congress, took over the government, and decided to throw out the constitution. Instead the society relies on the bible to justify its barbaric rules, limitations and practices. In a totalitarian society of decreasing birth

The Analysis of the Colonels Lady - 740 Words

The Analysis of the Colonel’s Lady Summary: The passage represents us Colonel’s feelings and thoughts about his wife, Evie. She was a good wife and a good hostess. Colonel thought that he was in love when he married her, but then he realized that they had different interests . They had no quarrels, but Evie wasn’t able to give the birth to a child, that’s why Colonel thought their marriage failed. Colonel was a healthy man and it was normal for him to have another woman, as he had to have such fun in his life. Compositional design: Exposition: â€Å" from â€Å"Of course, she was a lady,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Narrative hook: â€Å"from He couldn’t understand why she’d had no children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Rising action: from â€Å"He supposed he’d been in love with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Climax: from†¦show more content†¦The character is one-sided and static. He doesn’t change his mind about his relations with his wife and at the same time he does nothing Conflict: 1. General characteristic of the conflicts: The plot of the passage from †The Colonel’s Lady† is based on the conflict between Colonel, the protagonist of the story and his own nature which may be regarded as the antagonist. The conflict is mental (Colonel misunderstands Evie) . The central conflict of this passage may be looked upon in terms of moral values and defined as one between man’s view on the life and a woman’s one. 2. A deep look into the conflict: Colonel realized that he and his wife Evie have different interests and nothing at common. He wanted a heir, but Evie couldn’t have children and took it for granted, that her husband lived his own way. As Colonel considered himself to be a healthy man, he thought it natural to have some fun The conflict seems to reach its climax when Colonel found a lover in London where he has come alone, since his wife refused to go with him. The text provides us testifying Colonel’s struggle with himself. On the syntactical level in Colonel’s thoughts about Evie, we find the use of such devise as paradox: she was always neat and suitably dressed, but you couldn’t tell she was quite attractive. The conflict is developing by Colonel’s wife attitude towards him. â€Å"She

Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems...

Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems from a 1945 computer architecture description by the physicist, mathematician, and polymath John von Neumann and others. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , external mass storage, subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a memory to store both data and commands, also an input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has grown to mean a stored-program computer in which a command fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is commonly referred to as the Von†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Add the span or extent of the instruction to the program counter. †¢ Interpret the instruction using the control unit. Meanwhile, The control unit commands the rest of the computer to perform some type of operation. The instruction may change the address in the program counter, thus permitting repetitive operations. The instruction may also change the program counter . this is done only if some arithmetic condition is true, thus giving the effect of a decision, which can be calculated to any degree of complexity by the preceding arithmetic and logic. †¢ Once all of this is done, it is programed to go back to step 1. The design of The Von Neumann architecture is a little more straightforward than the more modern Harvard architecture. It too is a stored-program system; nevertheless, it has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading data from and imprinting data to memory, and an additional set of address and data buses for obtaining instructions. Von Neumann devoted most of his Preliminary Discussion to the design of the arithmetic unit. The details of this are the least interesting part of the paper from the standpoint of the organization of his computer, and its influence on future developments. The capabilities of the arithmetic unit were limited to the performance of some arbitrary subset of the possible arithmetic operations. He observes that theShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictableRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesorganization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. Most sociologists work in one or more specialties or subfields. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -logy which means study of, derived from Greek, and the stem socio- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning member, friend, or ally, thus referring to people in generalRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesof the first to call the British audit profession to account with his questioning of ‘who shall audit the auditors?’ The subsequent institutional response has most likely gained as much from the likes of Professors Harold Edey, Bryan Carsberg, Ken Peasnell, Geoffrey Whittington, and  ´ David Tweedie as it has from the eminence grise of the profession itself. And even in auditing, significant roles have been played by Professors Peter Bird, David Flint, and Peter Moizer amongst others. Indeed it isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as pro vides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a classic in organization studies. Mihaela L. Kelemen, Professor of Management Studies, Keele

Triple Jump Phase Free Essays

Montrail Brooks Dr. Livingston AES 364 Muscular Analysis Introduction Block starts was create first created to help the grounds keeper take better care of the running surface with was made of clay or cinder. Starting blocks has came a long way from being a single holes dug in the ground to the high tech, lightweight, but yet expensive running aid their now. We will write a custom essay sample on Triple Jump Phase or any similar topic only for you Order Now To properly observe and describe the breakdown of the hop, skip, and jump phases, while determining the muscles that cause these movements. The triple jump, referred to as the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event similar to the long jump. The only difference between the two is that the hop, skip, and jump involve a hop and a step, whereas the long jump involves just a jump. In the first phase of the triple jump, the competitor builds momentum by sprinting down the runway, planting their lead foot at the marked board, and â€Å"hops† into the air, cycling one leg around into phase two. After completing the cycle, the lead foot strikes the ground again initiating the â€Å"skip†, where the opposite leg is brought up and the body goes into the bounding position. Finally as the body is coming out of the bounding position, the opposite leg hits the ground in order to propel or â€Å"jump† the body forwards, aiming for distance rather than height, into the pit. [pic] The phases In the triple jump, there are three joints that aid in movement of the hip, the knee, and the ankle. Together the three joints allow optimum distance and proper stability for the jumper. The hip, which holds the femur and pelvis, allows the jumper to extend as his foot strikes the board. While keeping the knee in flexion, he pushes off into the cycling pattern. In the skip phase, the hip will remain in a flexed position as the trail leg goes into extension. When in the jump phase, the hip allows the leg to go from an extended position, to a partial flexed position. The knee, which hold the fibula, tibia, femur, and patella, just like the hip is a very important part of the triple jump process. In the initial â€Å"hop† phase, the knee extends, but quickly switches to flexion throughout the cycling pattern. During the â€Å"skip† phase the knee will remain in flexion, while extending the opposite leg. Following the second phase, the lead leg switches to the trail leg, which remains in flexion for the final â€Å"jump†. Finally, the ankle is made up of three separate joints: the talocrucal joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, and subtalar joint. These joints, just like in the kinetic chain, are where the power originates from. In the â€Å"hop† phase, the ankle of the lead leg will remain dorsi flexed, and the trail leg will be slightly plantar flexed, but will quickly draw up into the dorsiflexion. As the jumper enters into the â€Å"skip† phase the ankle will remain dorsiflex, while the trail leg switches to the front. This will allow the trail leg to go dorsiflex, and the lead leg to deliver a powerful push-off into plantarflexion. [pic] The muscles and their functions in the Hop, Skip, and Jump phase. The muscles involved in the triple jump are the quads: rectus fermoris (allow hip concentric flexion and knee eccentric extension), vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius (helps the knee eccentric extend); the hamstring muscles: semimembranosus, semitendious, and biceps femoris (allows the jumper to extend the hip and normally pair with the help of the eccentric gluteus maximus); and finally, the lower leg muscles: concentric tibialis anterior, the concentric extensor digitorum longus (which provide the ankle with the ability to perform dorsiflexion), the peroneus longus, soleus, and gastrocnemius (which allow eccentric planterflexion for that last jump push-off). The main stabilizer, the gluteus medius, acts as a front plane stabilizer and restricts the leg from turning in vargus or valgum, allowing the leg to plant. Conclusion An important factor in determining the power and momentum developed in the sprint start is the angle of the front leg in the set position. Most literature accepts that an angle close to 90 degrees is the ideal angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work best at the correct time for maximum power and momentum to be developed. An angle in excess of 90 degrees may allow a faster leg speed out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum. Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimal starting position varies a little, with a suggested ideal front leg angle of 100 degrees. Opinions on rear leg angle vary between 110 degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of about 135 degrees for the rear leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position. They also suggest that an early body velocity provided by the rear leg drive past the front leg is a better mechanical position to accelerate through a more prolonged application of force. Conclusion An important factor in determining the power and momentum developed in the sprint start is the angle of the front leg in the set position. Most literature accepts that an angle close to 90 degrees is the ideal angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work best at the correct time for maximum power and momentum to be developed. An angle in excess of 90 degrees may allow a faster leg speed out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum. Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimal starting position varies a little, with a suggested ideal front leg angle of 100 degrees. Opinions on rear leg angle vary between 110 degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of about 135 degrees for the rear leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position. They also suggest that an early body velocity provided by the rear leg drive past the front leg is a better mechanical position to accelerate through a more prolonged application of Reference: Track and Field News Presents: Technique and Drills for the Long Jump and Triple Jump. Gary Derks. Fundamental Aspect of the Triple Jump for Dummies By: Fritz Spence and Gerald Masterson, PH. D. How to cite Triple Jump Phase, Essay examples

Global Issues in Health Care Policies and Management

Question: Are developing countries following the track of developed countries? Answer: Today most of the countries are designated as developing country", therefore, it is obvious that they are trying to follow the path of developed countries. However, the real question is what is what is the current score of the developing countries while comparing with developed countries? Three random countries can be selected and compared to find out the answer. For instance, Australia is chosen as the developed country, and Nigeria and India are selected as developing countries. Australia has the 12th largest economy in the world. According to the survey of 2014, Australia had fifth-highest per capita income. Australia is the sixth largest country with a total GDP of $1.241 trillion (nominal) (Raphael, 2011). On the other hand, India is a developing country of South Asia. India is the seventh largest country, just behind the Australia with a population of 1.2 billion people. This country is considered as the most populous democracy in the world. India is a secular country, and it is found that four major religious originated here, such as Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Hinduism (Saha, 2013). On the other hand, other religions like Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Judaism and Islam arrived and dissolved with the "Indian culture". The current GDP of India is 2.182 trillion (nominal); however, the per capita income is too low (Dave). Another developing country is Nigeria, situated in the West Africa, which comprises 36 states. Like India Nigeria is also known as secular democratic country. Nigeria has a population of 182 million inhabitants and popularly known as "Giant of Africa." Besides, there are 500 ethnic groups in the Nigeria, which include three major ethnic groups such as Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa. It is found that more than 500 different languages are spoken in Nigeria, which is just the double of languages spoken in entire Australia (250). However, India beat them all, as the Indian census (1961) recognized 1,652 languages spoken in India and 22 of them are official languages. It is found that the differences of language and existence of different cultures are the main hindrance of the development of India and Nigeria is no exception. Though the official language of Nigeria is English, the country is distinctly divided between Christian and Muslims. From the research, it is found that developing country like India and Nigeria has a massive wealth gap, which means that the rich people are becoming richer and the poor people becoming poorer. In Nigeria, it is observed that most of the rich people spend their money to buy expensive jewelry and cars. The picture is almost same in India. In India, most of the rich people like to show off their money by building expensive houses or buying heavy muscle cars. On the other hand, it can be found that in Australia people try to lead almost a moderate life except of course the celebrities (Connell, 2012). The per capita income of Australia is more than the per capita income of India or Nigeria. However, the wealth gap is shorter in Australia than these developing countries. From a survey, it is found that average Australian people spend $223 on their housing and $20 for the health practitioners. Most of the common people in Australia have full life coverage. On the other hand, most of the common people in India do not posses any life coverage. When Nigeria is focused, it is observed that the condition of the common people in Nigeria as same as India. A huge number of common people of Nigeria are considered as below poverty line and do not posses any life coverage. According to the "Africa wealth report 2015", there are 15,400 dollar millionaires live in Nigeria, who posses, at least, one million dollars in their assets (Oluwatobi Ogunrinola, 2011). Now, here is a controversial part, most of the money possess by the rich people in Nigeria are not white or more precisely not legitimately earned. In the case of India, the situation is also very same as Nigeria. Most of the wealthy people in India do not possess white money, and they have their ways to convert black money into white money. Now the point is why a country put so much weight on their black money. This is because the amount of black money controls the inflation of the economic market. In Australia, there is less amount of inflation as the amount of black money in this country is not heavy. When the health related matters are compared among three of these chosen countries, it is observed that most of the common people in the developing countries still do not posses full life coverage. Although hospitals in the primary health centers in India offers free medical services to the poor people, in most of the cases these facilities are not sufficient. Still in the major rural part of India, people are deprived of free medicines and health care facilities provided by the governments. It is found that the availability of the health care facilities also varies in India depending upon different cultures. Most of the underprivileged women in the rural part of the India still give birth of the child in their homes and are deprived of the primary facilities of the health care system. In Nigeria, the country is completely divided into two parts depending on the religion Christian and Muslim (Perkins et al., 2012). The health care facilities greatly vary in these two parts of this co untry. However, it is a controversial topic, and the government is trying their best to resolve their problems. On the other hand, there are actually no health care-related problems or issues were found in the research. The nurses and the doctors are very cooperative and helpful. From a survey, it is found that the doctors in Australia charge lesser than the doctors in India are (Dyster, Meredith, 2012). Besides, the infrastructure of the health care system is far better in Australia than in the India and Nigeria. However, there is another factor that needs to be focused on; this is the political factor. In Australia, the political chaos is lesser than other developing as well as many developed countries in the world (Rosenberg et al., 2011). Especially in India, the political turbulence is highly noticeable. There are many political parties in India, and they are in a constant fight to hold on to their position, which in turn form a chaotic situation, and that is not helpful for the growth of the country (Bhupal, 2013). Besides, terrorism in India is well versed. There are more than six terrorist attacks in India in last one year, which is certainly not helpful in the development of a country, and these terrorist attacks can be considered as the failure of the Indian government. In Nigeria, the situation is almost same. In this country, the political turbulence is based on the differentiation of the cultures (Christian and Muslims). Most of the common people in this country are fighting with each other based on their religion (Bakare Olubokun, 2011). The government of Nigeria is trying their best to dissolve this problem and reach towards a permanent solution. However, they are not even closer to their success. So far, the developing countries are trying their best to hold on to their progress. It is a fact there are several pitfalls in this long journey, but it can be assumed that they will reach their target eventually. On the other hand, the developed countries like Australia just do not claim themselves as developed, but they are trying to help the developing countries in their progress by providing them resources. References Bakare, A. S., Olubokun, S. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria: An empirical study.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,2(2), 83-87. Bhupal, G. (2013).Development Issues in India: Analysis of Household Consumption Behavior and Health(Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Connell, R. (2012). Gender, health and theory: conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective.Social science medicine,74(11), 1675-1683. Dave, K. S. Indian Stock Exchanges Foreign Institutional Investor, healthy Indicators for Indian economy. Dyster, B., Meredith, D. (2012).Australia in the global economy: continuity and change. Cambridge University Press. Oluwatobi, S. O., Ogunrinola, O. I. (2011). 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